John A. Wojtowicz
Consulting Chemist
2nd Edition
2012
Chapter 1 – Swimming Pool Chemistry
1.1 – The Carbonate System in Swimming Pool Water ……………………………………………………………… 4
1.2 – Swimming Pool Water Buffer Chemistry ………………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.3 – Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds in Swimming Pool Water ……………………………………………. 18
Chapter 2 – The Calcium Carbonate Saturation Index
2.1 – Applicability of the Langelier Saturation Index to Swimming Pools …………………………………… 29
2.2 – The Thermodynamic Basis of the Saturation Index ………………………………………………………….. 33
2.3 – A Revised and Updated Saturation Index Equation ………………………………………………………….. 35
2.4 – Corrections, Potential Errors, and Significance of the Saturation Index …………………………….. 42
Chapter 3 – Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate
3.1 – Factors Affecting Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate ………………………………………………………. 45
3.2 – Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential ………………………………………………………………………. 51
Chapter 4 – Factors Affecting Water Balance
4.1 – The Effect of Cyanuric Acid and Other Interferences on Carbonate Alkalinity Measurement 58
4.2 – Factors Affecting the Calcium Carbonate Saturation Index ………………………………………………. 65
4.3 – Factors Affecting Loss of Carbon Dioxide …………………………………………………………………………. 72
Chapter 5 – Cyanuric Acid
5.1 – Cyanuric Acid Technology ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
5.2 – Factors Affecting the Cyanuric Acid Concentrations in Swimming Pools ……………………………. 85
5.3 – Oxidation of Cyanuric Acid with Hypochlorite ………………………………………………………………….. 93
5.4 – Effect of Cyanuric Acid on Swimming Pool Maintenance …………………………………………………… 99
Chapter 6 – Effect of Cyanuric Acid on Disinfection
6.1 – Relative Bactericidal Effectiveness of Hypochlorous Acid and Chloroisocyanurates ……………. 104
6.2 – Reevaluation of Chloroisocyanurate Hydrolysis Constants ……………………………………………….. 112
Chapter 7 – Swimming Pool and Spa Sanitizers
7.1 – Survey of Swimming Pool/Spa Sanitizers and Sanitation Systems …………………………………….. 121
7.2 – Use of Ozone in the Treatment of Swimming Pools and Spas …………………………………………….. 142
7.3 – Sanitizer and Oxidizer Product Information Summaries …………………………………………………… 154
7.4 – Bromine Derivitives of Cyanuric Acid ………………………………………………………………………………. 173
7.5 – Swimming Pool and Spa Chemical Safe Storage and Shipping Temperatures ……………………. 177
Chapter 8 – Swimming Pool Maintenance
8.1 – Swimming Pool and Spa Chemical Adjustments ………………………………………………………………. 182